四倒

The four (sa) viparyaya i. e. inverted or false beliefs in regard to 常, 樂, 我, 淨. There are two groups:

(1) the common belief in the four above, denied by the early Buddhist doctrine that all is impermanent, suffering, impersonal, and impure;

(2) the false belief of the Hīnayāna school that nirvana is not a state of permanence, joy, personality, and purity. Hīnayāna refutes the common view in regard to the phenomenal life; bodhisattvism refutes both views.